小匠论文润色

1.1 Why do we need referencing?

Referencing refers to giving credit to other people’s ideas and work, and is an essential part of research. In academic writing, we are not writing in isolation; we use established theories as the theoretical background of our work, review studies to formulate research questions, and use statistics to support our ideas. In all these cases, it is important to cite the sources where the information comes from so the reader can consult them for more information. This means indicating the publishing details about source and the names of the authors involved.

Although it may be difficult to get familiar with referencing at the start, it is a very important part of academic writing and students need to take it seriously. In fact, some universities may deduct marks if students miss citations in their essays. We have known students that lose marks or even get in trouble for plagiarism because they don’t understand the importance of proper referencing and don’t organise their citations correctly.

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学术论文中的引用可以体现对他人的观点和研究工作的知情、认可和尊重，是学术研究中必不可少的一部分。我们并不是孤立地思考和写作，而通常是以现有理论基础为背景，站在前人的肩膀上展开新的研究和思考，并用数据来支持自己的观点。在此过程和后续写作中，注明每条信息来源（即资源出处及作者姓名）很重要，以便读者追踪来源和查阅资料。

虽然刚开始了解引用规范会有点难，但正确地引用是学术写作中非常重要的一部分，同学们需认真对待。事实上，不符合规范的引用，可能会被一些大学直接扣分。我们也遇到过个别学生因不清楚正确引用的重要性、没有按照规范来引用，而失分甚至陷于抄袭风波。

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1.2 What are in-text citations and reference lists?

Referencing consists of two parts, in-text citations and reference lists.

引用由“文内引用”和“参考文献列表”两部分组成。

In-text citations: In all your essays, you must make it very clear in the text when you’re referencing work from someone else. An in-text citation is a note that tells the reader what source you are referencing in a sentence. In-text citations include the author’s last name and the year of publication. You can usually write in-text citations in two forms – parenthetical and narrative, see the examples below.

文内引用:当您在论文中引用某人的作品时，必须在文本中清楚注明。文内引用起到注释作用，告诉读者您所写某句话的引用资料来源。文内引用包括作者姓氏和出版年份。您可以用两种形式来写文内引用：括号夹注（parenthetical）和叙述性引用（narrative）。示例如下:

Parenthetical:Salary remains the most valued incentive by workers today (Mitchell, 2022).

Narrative:Mitchell (2022) argues that the most valued incentive is salary.

* Some referencing styles also include the first name or the initials of the author. However, the one thing they have in common is that all styles use the last name of the author.

* 一些引用格式还包括作者的名或首字母缩写。然而，这些引用格式有一个共同点——都体现了作者的姓氏。

查看注释

Reference list: A reference list is a list of all sources cited in the essay. It should match with your in-text citations, meaning that the sources cited in the text must appear in the reference list. Each entry in the reference list contains information about the author, year of publication, title, and other publication details of the source. One example of a reference is given below:

参考文献列表: 这是一张列出了文章中所有引用来源的清单。它应与文内引用相匹配，也就是说，论文中所引用的资料来源都必须出现在参考文献列表中。参考文献列表中的每一个来源条目都包含作者、出版年份、标题和其他出版细节的信息。示例如下:

MacKenzie, D. & Wajcman, J. (1999) The social shaping of technology. 2nd edn. Buckingham, Open University Press.

1.3 How to identify names

As previously mentioned, it is necessary to write the cited author’s name for referencing. In-text citations usually only require writing the last name, while the full name may appear in the reference list. In our experience, we have noticed that some students may use the wrong part of the names. This is because they may not be familiar with western names and have trouble identifying the last names. This section presents a short introduction to western names. Western names usually have three parts, first name (also called “given name” or “forename”), middle name, and last name (also called “family name” or “surname”). Together they form a full name. For example:

如何识别姓名：如前所述，论文中需要注明被引用作者的姓名。文内引用通常只需要写出作者的姓氏，参考文献列表则可能需要作者全名。我们在工作中发现，有些学生因不熟悉西方的姓名体系，姓氏找错地方，导致名字错用。本节将简单介绍西方的姓名体系。西方的姓名通常有三个部分，名(first name，也叫given name/forename)、中间名（middle name）和姓(last name也叫family name/surname)。三个部分合在一起为一个全名。例如:

However, in daily life, you don’t always see a name like this because people don’t always write out their full names. Depending on the context, the parts of the name may appear in different order or be omitted. Here are some common forms you may see and how to identify the different parts of a name:

然而，日常生活中，人们并不总是使用全名。实际情况是，根据使用场景的不同，姓名的写法会变得不一样，比如调换顺序和名字省略。以下是一些常见的姓名形式，以及如何识别它们。

If you see this:	It means:
John Smith	The middle name is omitted because it’s not relevant in the context or because this person doesn’t have a middle name. If you see this, you can just assume that the first word is the first name and the last word is the last name 省略了中间名，因为此场景下不需要写出中间名，也可能是此人没有中间名。如果看到这样的，您可以假设第一个单词是名，最后一个单词是姓。
John H. Smith	Sometimes, an initial and period are used instead of the middle name. The same rule as before applies. This name can also be written as: J. H. Smith, J.H.S. or John S. Don’t forget to add the period after the capital letter. 有时，我们会用首字母和句号来代替中间名(英文中的句号就是一个点)。那么这个名字可以写成: J.H. Smith, J.H.S.或John S. 别忘了在大写字母后加上句号“.”（“.”即表示缩写）。
Smith, J.H.	Notice that the order of the name is reversed here. Although Smith is the last name, it appears at the beginning. You can identify this by the presence of a comma. If you see a name like this, it means that the part before the comma is the last name, and the one after are the first name and middle name (if any). You may often see names written like this on book covers or journal articles. 注意，这里的姓名顺序颠倒了。虽然Smith是姓，但它出现在了最前面。此处的逗号就是在提示您姓氏被放到前面来了。如果看到这样的名字，意味着逗号前面的部分是姓，后面的部分是名和中间名(如果有中间名的话)。您或许会在书的封面或期刊文章上看到这样的姓名写法。

*The exceptions are Spanish-speaking countries, where the last name is composed of two words, not only one. If you’re unsure about the name of an author, you can always look it up online.

*西班牙语国家是个例外，那里的姓氏由两个单词组成，而不是一个。如果你不确定作者的名字，你可以随时上网查。

查看注释

1.4 Plagiarism

You must use references whenever you are using someone else’s work to support your own. If you don’t do this, you are committing plagiarism. Plagiarism is when you try to pass other people’s work as your own, and is not allowed by universities. This can also include yourself; for example, if you reuse parts of a previous essay in a new assignment, and you don’t mention that you’re using your previous essay, you are committing self-plagiarism, which is also wrong.
Some examples of when you need to use references include:

Citing results from another study or writing about other studies.

Writing about the opinions from another author, either as citation or paraphrasing.

Citing statistics and numbers. You must indicate where any numbers come from.

Writing about an event that is not common knowledge.

抄袭/剽窃：在论文中使用别人的成果来支撑自己观点时，必须依照引用规范注明出处。如果不这样做，就可能会被认定为抄袭/剽窃。抄袭就是拿别人的成果当做自己的，这不符合大学学术规范。自我抄袭（self-plagiarism）也算抄袭的一种；比如，您在新的作业中重复使用了自己之前一篇文章的部分内容，而没有提到参考出处，也会被认为是自我抄袭，同样是错误行为。以下这些情况，都需要添加参考文献:

引用另一项研究的结果或撰写有关其他研究的文章。

引用或转述其他作者的观点。

引用统计数据和数字。您必须说明每一处的数据来源。

如果所提到的事情不是常识，那么就需要添加参考文献。

*Common knowledge

指的是常识。如果是常识，就不需要说明出处，无需加citation，例如：一年有四季。美国在珍珠港偷袭事件后加入第二次世界大战。

查看注释

1.5 Reliability and relevance

It is important to pay attention to the reliability of your sources. You should only use reputable sources, that means, work that has been written to a high standard and has been rigorously reviewed. Reputable sources include peer-reviewed journals, governmental agencies, well-established organisations and major news agencies. On the other hand, non-reputable sources include Wikipedia, online blogs, and personal websites. The reason why these sources cannot be trusted is that anyone can edit them and the content is not subject to review. You can consult them to get some ideas but you cannot use them as serious references. For example, if you find some useful fact in Wikipedia, look for a reputable source that can confirm it and cite the reputable source, don’t cite Wikipedia.

You should also pay attention to using sources that are relevant to your case. In particular, make sure that the works you are citing continue to be relevant to this day. For example, a case study about marketing from 1990 may not be relevant today anymore due to how much the world has changed since.

可靠性和相关性：引用来源是否可靠非常重要。您应该只引用信誉度高的来源，即按照高标准编写并经过严格审查的作品。信誉度高的来源包括同行评议的期刊、政府机构、成熟的组织和主要的新闻机构；而信誉度低的来源包括维基百科、在线博客和个人网站，因为这些来源任何人都可以编辑且其内容不受审查。当然，您可以通过查询这些来源获取灵感，但不能将其作为严肃的参考。例如，您在维基百科上发现了一些有用的事实，那您应该再找一个信誉度高的来源证实并引用，而不是直接引用维基百科。

您还需要注意引用来源应和您论文主题的相关性。特别要注意的是，要确保您引用的资源在今天仍有价值。例如，一个来自1990年的营销案例研究可能在今天已经不适用了，因为时至今日的世界发生了很大的变化。

1.6 FAQ

1. Which citation style should I use? 我应该使用哪种引用风格?

The one indicated in your course. Please consult your course materials online or ask your lecturer.

使用符合您课程要求的那种。请在线查阅您的课程资料或询问您的讲师。

2. How do I check if I wrote my references correctly? 如何检查我写的引用是否正确?

See the sections for the specific referencing styles to check if you’re following the guidelines correctly. Usually, your university will also provide guidelines for referencing. You can ask your university library for help if you’re having trouble finding them.

我们网站上的reference格式指导页面可以作为一个参考，但每个学校/学院可能要求不同，具体请遵循您学校给的具体引用格式要求。如果找不到您学校提供的引用格式指南，请向学校图书馆寻求帮助。

3. When do I need to add a citation? 什么时候需要添加引用?

When you’re making reference to work done somewhere else or ideas proposed by another author. This also includes yourself (self-plagiarism).

当您引用他人的想法、观点、研究、或作品成果时，都需要添加引用。如果引用您自己之前提交过的作品，也要添加引用（否则有涉嫌“自我抄袭”的风险）。

4. Do in-text citations always go at the end of a sentence? 文内引用总是放在句末吗?

In-text citations should go either at the start of a sentence or at the end of the clause that they refer to. This could be in the middle of a sentence if the sentence is composed of two or more clauses.

文内引用应该出现在被引用句子的开头或末尾。如果一个句子由两个或两个以上的从句组成，也可以放在句子中间。

5. If I mention a study several times, do I have to add an in-text citation every time? 如果我多次提到同一项研究，是不是每次都要加上一个文内引用?

You must provide a citation for each idea or result that is not your own. At the same time, it is also recommended to avoid over-citation, which can be distracting and confusing to the reader. For example, you can rephrase your text to avoid citing the same study multiple times in the same paragraph as long as it is absolutely clear what is the source.

任何他人的想法或成果都必须注明。但同时也要注意避免过度引用，因为这会分散读者的注意力，使读者感到困惑。您可以做的是重新措辞，在引用出处标记清楚的情况下，避免在同一段中多次引用同一项研究。

6. I saw someone else use Ibid. when citing the same study multiple times, can I do this? 我看到有人多次引用同一研究时使用了“Ibid.”，我可以这样做吗?

Ibid. is an abbreviation for the Latin word ibidem, which means “in the same place”. It may be used when you have to cite the same source multiple times to avoid writing down the author’s name and year of publication every time. Some style guides, such as Chicago, allow using this expression, however, others do not allow it, such as Harvard, APA and MLA. Therefore, you should always check first whether your style guide allows using this expression.

Ibid.是拉丁文ibidem的缩写，意思是“在同一地方”。当您需要多次引用同一出处，又不想重复作者名字和出版年份时，可能会用到这个词。一些引用格式允许使用这种表达，如芝加哥（Chicago）；然而如哈佛（Harvard）、APA和MLA格式都不允许此表达。您应该先查阅您学校的格式指南确定这个表达是否被允许。

Citation指导