Harvard style
1.1 Introduction
Harvard referencing style refers to a general set of practices for referencing in the author-date format. Although it is named after the university, it has no official affiliation with Harvard University. It is mostly used in UK institutions across a wide range of disciplines, including social and natural sciences.
Although there are some general rules, note that there is not a unique Harvard style. Many institutions have their own version of Harvard referencing. Sometimes, even different schools within the same university may use different variations. Therefore, there is no official guide for the Harvard style, and you should always consult the guidelines for your course. Some examples are shown below following the style used by the Department of Continuing Education at University of Oxford.
哈佛格式指的是“作者-日期”的一套通用引用格式。虽以哈佛大学命名，但它与哈佛大学并没有正式关联(Harvard Library, 2022)。现主要用于英国各学科研究机构，包括社会科学和自然科学。虽有一些通用规则，但需注意的是，现无特定的哈佛格式。许多机构都有自己版本的哈佛文献引用格式。有时即使是同一所大学的不同学院也可能有所不同。因此，哈佛格式并没有官方指南，您应该时刻查阅课程指南。下面展示的例子遵循牛津大学继续教育学院使用的哈佛格式。
1.2 In-text citations
In-text citations can appear at the start of a sentence or at the end of a clause. So, they may appear in the middle of a long sentence with multiple clauses. Harvard style admits both narrative and parenthetical citations, and only requires the author’s last name and year of publication.
Citations may look a little different depending on the work being cited. We provide a few important examples below. In the following examples, Author refers to the author’s last name.
文内引用可以出现在句子的开头，也可以出现在句子的末尾。所以，当一个长句有多个分句时，引用也可能出现在句子中间。哈佛格式允许叙述性引用和括号夹注引用，要写出作者的姓氏和发表年份。根据被引用的作品的不同，引文格式看起来可能会有些不同。以下有一些例子，注意，Author指的是作者的姓氏(last name)。
One author
Two authors
Three or more authors
Organisations
Williams (2017) proposed a new methodology to analyse public data.
A new methodology has been put forward to analyse public data (Williams, 2017).
Williams and Madison (2017) proposed a new methodology to analyse public data.
A new methodology has been put forward to analyse public data (Williams and Madison, 2017).
For three authors:
Williams, Madison and Harris (2017) proposed a new methodology to analyse public data.
A new methodology has been put forward to analyse public data (Williams, Madison and Harris, 2017).
For more than three authors, use the last name of the first author followed by et al.
Williams et al. (2017) proposed a new methodology to analyse public data.
A new methodology has been put forward to analyse public data (Williams et al., 2017).
One organisation:
The World Health Organisation’s (2018) report documents 132 cases in the last decade.
A total of 132 cases have been documented in the last decade (World Health Organisation, 2018).
Two or more organizations: follow the same rules as for individuals:
The report from the World Health Organisation and the CDC (2018) documents 132 cases in the last decade.
A total of 132 cases have been documented in the last decade (World Health Organisation and CDC, 2018).
* For more than three authors, use the last name of the first author followed by et al. et al is an abbreviation of the Latin et alia, which means “and others”. Note that the period goes after al. Use this expression instead of listing all the authors’ last names. Note that every university has a slightly different version, some universities may use et al. for two or three authors too.
*如果有三个或三个以上作者，就用作者的名加上et al. (比如Williams et al.)。et al是拉丁语et alia的缩写，意为“和其他人”。请注意，al后要带英文句点。使用这个表达可以不用列出所有作者的姓氏。注意每个大学的引用格式要求可能略微不同，一些大学可能也会使用et al.来指代两到三个作者。
查看注释
If you want to cite more than one source in a sentence, you can join the citations with a semicolon using parenthetical citations.
如果想在一个句子中引用多个来源，可以在括号夹注里用分号连接多个引用来源。
This phenomenon has been widely studied using qualitative (Rogers, 1988; Adams et al., 2012) and quantitative (Lewis and Rhodes, 2018; Falls et al., 2020) research methods.
*Note that it is not convenient to use narrative citation for this because the text would be too long.
*对于这种情况，使用叙述性引用不太方便，因为会导致文本过长。
查看注释
For quotations
Direct quotations: In direct quotations, you must also indicate the page where the quotation is taken from in the text; in this case, we use ‘p.’ to represent page number, ‘pp.’ to represent multiple pages.
Direct quotations: In direct quotations, you must also indicate the page where the quotation is taken from in the text; in this case, we use ‘p.’ to represent page number, ‘pp.’ to represent multiple pages.
直接引语，须注明引用来自文本中的哪一页，我们用“p.”来表示页码，“pp.”来表示横跨多个页面：
The theory is “a complete framework for functional analysis” (Jones, 2019: p. 32).
Jones (2019: p. 32) explains that the theory is “a complete framework for functional analysis”.
Block quotation: You should use a block quotation if the quotation is too long (usually longer than 2 or 3 lines, or longer than 30 words). Block quotations appear in a separate paragraph, with indentation on the left and right, and blank lines at the top and bottom, and should be preceded by a colon. For example:
引语段(block quotation): 如果引语太长(超过2 - 3行，或超过30个单词)，就应该使用引语段。引语段是一个单独的段落，左右各有缩进，顶部和底部各有空白行，前面应有冒号。例如:
The in-text citation may also appear in the main part of the text before the colon. For example:
文内引用也可能出现在正文主体部分的冒号之前，如下例：
*The size of the indentation and how long the quote should be to become a block quote depend on the version of Harvard you are using.
*引语段的缩进大小，以及多长的引语才应该变成单独的一个引语段，取决于您使用的哈佛格式版本。
查看注释
1.3 Reference list
A list referencing all the cited works should go at the end of your work. In Harvard style, this list is named References. It is important to display the relevant information for the sources, and different types of resources require different information. The general format for citing some popular types of sources such as books, journal articles and websites, is given below.
在文章末尾，应放上包含文章中所有被引用资源的参考文献列表。哈佛格式中，我们把这个列表称为References。注明来源的相关信息是很重要的，不同类型的资源需注明的信息也略有不同。一些常用资源，如书籍、期刊文章和网站的一般引用格式如下。
Book
Journal article
Website
Chapter in book
Database
Report
Thesis or dissertation
Format:
Author, Initials. (Year) Title. Edition number edn. Town of publication: Publisher.
Example:
MacKenzie, D. & Wajcman, J. (1999) The social shaping of technology. 2nd edn. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Notes:
Author refers to the author’s last name, Initials refers to the author’s initials.
Notice that the title of the book must be in italics.
Edition number is only needed if it’s not the first edition of the book.
Format:
Author, Initials. (Year) Title of article. Journal name. Volume number (issue number): pages.
Example:
Simmons, F. and C. Singleton (2000) The reading comprehension abilities of dyslexic students in higher education. Dyslexia 6(3): 178-192.
Notes:
Author refers to the author’s last name, Initials refers to the author’s initials.
Notice that the Journal name must be in italics.
Format:
Author, Initials. (Year) Title of page/site. [Online]. Available from: URL (Accessed: day month year)
Example:
Coleman, N. J. (1997) Referencing Electronic Sources. [online] Available from: http://www-personal.usyd.edu.au/-nacolema/elecrefs.html (Accessed November 28th 1997).
Notes:
Author refers to the author’s last name, Initials refers to the author’s initials.
Notice that title of page must be in italics.
Format:
Author, Initials. (year). ‘Chapter title’ in Editor, Initials (ed.) Book title. Edition. Place of publication: publisher, page numbers.
Example:
Troy B.N. (2015) ‘Harvard citation rules’ in Williams, S.T. (ed.) A guide to citation rules. New York: NY Publishers, pp. 34-89.
Notes:
Author refers to the author’s last name, Initials refers to the author’s initials.
Notice that book title must appear in italics.
Format:
Author, Initials. (year). ‘Title’. URL or DOI.
Example:
Custer, C.M. (2018). 'Annual Variation Birds as indicators of contaminants in the Great Lakes'. doi.org/10.5066/F7SB452P
Notes:
Author refers to the author’s last name, Initials refers to the author’s initials.
Format:
Author. (year). Report title. Place of publication: publisher. Available at: URL (Accessed: day month year).
Example:
BSkyB Ltd. (2012). Annual Report 2012. Available at: https://www.annualreports.com/HostedData/AnnualReportArchive/b/LSE_BSY_2012.pdf (Accessed: 9 January 2020).
Notes:
Author refers to the author’s last name, Initials refers to the author’s initials.
Notice that report title must be in italics.
Thesis/Dissertation (published)
Format:
Author. Initials. (year). Thesis title. Degree. Degree-awarding body. Available at: URL (Accessed: day month year)
Example:
Smith, E. R. C. (2019). Conduits of invasive species into the UK: the angling route? Ph. D. Thesis. University College London. Available at: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10072700 (Accessed: 20 May 2021).
Notes:
Author refers to the author’s last name, Initials refers to the author’s initials.
There are many other types of sources, and they may require slightly different information. You should consult with the official referencing guide in your school for a complete list.
其他类别来源所需信息可能略有不同。请查询您所在学校的官方参考指南以获得完整的列表。
1.4 FAQ
1. Do I have to provide page numbers for every citation? 每处引用都必须标明页码吗?
Page numbers are always required for direct quotations. They are optional for other citations and can be useful when directing the reader to a specific section of the source, for example, a chapter in a book.
每处直接引用都是需要页码的，在其他引用中则可有可无。注明页码有助于引导读者查阅来源的特定部分，例如，某本书中的某个章节。
文章大纲1.1 Introduction
1.2 In-text citations
1.3 Reference list
1.4 FAQ