7步写好论文摘要,来跟Nature期刊学!
今天,小匠润色团队邀请到有两篇物理publications的Gus博士撰稿,手把手教大家如何写出一个优质的论文摘要。Gus会带同学们一起看Nature期刊出的摘要写作指南,文中对于每个步骤给予了详细解读和例句示范,相信大家按照这个一步步来,就能写出一个很棒的论文摘要啦!
原稿是英文哦,为了便于大家理解,由我们的客服小姐姐翻译成了中文,我们先放上了中文版,然后放上了英文原文哦。
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👉👉论文摘要很重要,人们会据此判断是否要继续阅读你的论文。摘要通常是100~300字,简明扼要地总结论文的价值和主要发现。
通常,好的论文摘要遵循“U形”结构,也就是“从宽泛到具体,再回到宽泛”。我喜欢按照《Nature》期刊推荐的摘要风格写作,它清晰地体现了这种结构。虽然《Nature》主要关注自然科学,但这个摘要写作原则适用于很多学科。下面,我们将根据《Nature》总结的原则,指导大家如何7步写出一篇好的摘要:
Step 1. 基本介绍或大致背景(1~2句)
大致介绍论文背景,让任何读者都能理解,为论文勾勒出一个大局。
Example: “Globalisation has accelerated the economic growth of developing economies in Asia. In China, the steel industry has grown tremendously as a result of international trade agreements.”.
Step 2. 具体背景(2~3句)
接下来,引导读者进入你的研究的具体背景,让你所在领域的任何专业人士都能理解。注意句子之间的逻辑性。在这里,你可以开始提到你使用的理论背景或方法,将大背景聚焦到一个具体的点上。
Example: “However, the rate of adoption of new technologies in the industry remains low. Most factories continue using equipment and systems which are out of date. This means they are less efficient and competitive than their international counterparts.”.
Step 3.主要的研究问题(1句)
是时候提出你的研究问题Research question(s)了。你要解决的具体问题是什么?你应该能用一句话清楚地写出来。也许你的论文有多个研究目标(research objectives)或提出了几个研究问题(research questions and/or sub research questions)。然而,所有这些都应该源于一个中心问题。
Example: “This study investigates the challenges behind the adoption of new technologies in the steel industry in China through a case study.”.
Step4. 研究结果 (1句)
在此,你只需回答你的主要研究问题。虽然这个回答起来可能不简单,但请尽量用简单直接的语言来回答。反正具体的解释可以在正文中继续拓展。
Example: “High cost, long disruption of operations, and lack of technological skills in the workforce are found to be the main factors impacting technological adoption.”.
Step 5.对结果进行解释或讨论(2~3句)。
现在你可以详细讨论研究结果了。你发现了什么别人之前不知道的东西?你可以提到你的研究方法,但记住,主要焦点是对结果的讨论。这是U形结构中的最低处,会写到关于研究的很多具体信息。
Example: “Through interviews with operators and managers at a steel mill in China, it is found that the staff lacks skills to operate new digital technologies. Moreover, reviewing their operations manual, they do not have workflows in place if one of their key components needs to be upgraded, which would bring operations to a halt for an extended period, costing millions to the company. Besides, from financial reports, their current financial situation does not allow them to purchase new equipment as it would significantly increase their long-term debt, which is already high, impacting their stock and shareholders’ revenue.”.
Step6. 结合具体背景或现实情况,谈谈你的研究结果有何意义 (1~2句)
在此,你可以考虑选答以下问题:你的结果是如何与你的领域的一般背景相关的?这是之前预测结果吗?还是你的研究结果与文献不符?你的研究结果对你的研究领域有什么意义?本部分我们逐渐回归宏观背景,沿着U形向上爬。
Example: “These findings agree with case studies from steel mills in other Asian countries, which are found to operate with out-of-date technology. However, this contrasts with the situation in the US, where companies include technological upgrades in their workflows and financial plans ahead of time.”.
Step 7. 结合大背景,谈谈你的研究对你的专业领域有何贡献(2~3句)
最后一步可以考虑回答以下问题。你的研究对该领域的进步有何贡献?其他研究人员可以如何使用你的研究成果?有什么事情是人们以前做不到的,但由于你的研究结果,现在可以做到了?
《Nature》认为这个部分可写可不写,但是我认为学生们把这部分写出来挺好的,因为我们需要思考做这个研究到底有什么价值。当把你的研究结果放在该领域的大背景中,研究的真正价值就会体现。
Example: “These findings evidence the main pain points encountered by one of the largest players in the industry and can inform other companies in China. This also serves as a reference point and further investigations can compare the difficulties found by the steel industry of other developing economies. Finally, the results can inform policy-making to support the growth of the industry and the creation of improved workflows that incorporate long-term technological development of companies in this field.”
如上,《Nature》的摘要原则遵循了前面提到的U形结构。不仅是摘要,这个U形结构对你的整篇论文写作都很重要!记住要将这一原则应用到论文中。Introduction部分概述整体情况(big picture);文献综述部分逐渐深入到具体研究问题;方法论和结果、分析部分则是最具体的;discussion部分将研究成果带回到更广泛的背景中;最后的conclusion部分将文章“整体串联”起来。
最后一个建议,每个领域都有不同的风格和写作惯例。要写出一篇优秀的摘要,最好的方法就是从同类领域的其他论文中寻找灵感。无论是否使用上文提到摘要写法,你都应当遵循所在领域的例子,多看看同行评审期刊上发表的文章。
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The abstract is one of the most important parts of a paper. It is usually 100-300 words long and is an executive summary that concisely summarises the main findings and how they are valuable for the research community. People will decide whether they want to read your paper based on the abstract. However, many students struggle to write good abstracts.
A good rule of thumb is that the level of detail in the abstract should follow a U shape. Start with the general background, then go into specific details of your study and end with a broad perspective again. I like to follow the style recommended by Nature, which clearly reflects this structure. Although Nature focuses on natural sciences, this style can also be applied to other disciplines. This article shows how to write a good abstract in seven steps following Nature’s annotated summary guide, shown in the picture below.
You can write a good abstract following these seven steps:
Basic introduction or general context (1-2 sentences). Begin with a general introduction to the topic that anyone can understand. This sets the big picture. Example: “Globalisation has accelerated the economic growth of developing economies in Asia. In China, the steel industry has grown tremendously as a result of international trade agreements.”.
Detailed background or specific context (2-3 sentences). Next, guide the reader to the specific context of your study that any professional in your field can understand. Make sure to connect your sentences logically. Here, you can start to mention the theoretical background or methods you will use in a way that narrows the scope of the context. Example: “However, the rate of adoption of new technologies in the industry remains low. Most factories continue using equipment and systems which are out of date. This means they are less efficient and competitive than their international counterparts.”.
General problem or main research question (1 sentence). Now it’s time to put forward your research question. What is the specific problem or question you are addressing? You should be able to write this plainly in one sentence. Your study may have several goals, however, they should all stem from a central issue that is the main motivation of your study. Example: “This study investigates the challenges behind the adoption of new technologies in the steel industry in China through a case study.”.
Main result or answer to the research question (1 sentence). Here, you answer your main research question. Although the answer may not be straightforward, try to frame this in as simple and general terms as possible. You will have the chance to explain more in the next point. Example: “High cost, long disruption of operations, and lack of technological skills in the workforce are found to be the main factors impacting technological adoption.”.
Discussion (2-3 sentences). You can now discuss your results in detail. What did you find out that no one else knew before? You can mention your methods but remember that the main focus should be the discussion of the results. This is the lowest-level part in the U shape analogy; this is the part with the most level of detail in the abstract. Example: “Through interviews with operators and managers at a steel mill in China, it is found that the staff lacks skills to operate new digital technologies. Moreover, reviewing their operations manual, they do not have workflows in place if one of their key components needs to be upgraded, which would bring operations to a halt for an extended period, costing millions to the company. Besides, from financial reports, their current financial situation does not allow them to purchase new equipment as it would significantly increase their long-term debt, which is already high, impacting their stock and shareholders’ revenue.”.
Discussion on the general context (1-2 sentences). This summarises your discussion chapter. For example, you may consider answering some of the following questions: How are your results related to the general context of your field? Is this what previous studies had predicted? Or do your results disagree with the literature? What is the meaning of your results for your field of study? Here, we’re going back to the general context, climbing up the U shape again. Example: “These findings agree with case studies from steel mills in other Asian countries, which are found to operate with out-of-date technology. However, this contrasts with the situation in the US, where companies include technological upgrades in their workflows and financial plans ahead of time.”.
Broader perspective (2-3 sentences). Finally, mention the perspectives for your field of study based on what you found. This can include answers to the following questions. How has your study contributed to the general advancement of the field? How can other researchers use the results of your study? What is something that people couldn’t do before but now they can thanks to your results? Nature states that this part is optional, however, I think it is always good to have this because it directly shows the value of your study. Remember, the true value of your study arises when you put your results in the context of the field. Example: “These findings evidence the main pain points encountered by one of the largest players in the industry and can inform other companies in China. This also serves as a reference point and further investigations can compare the difficulties found by the steel industry of other developing economies. Finally, the results can inform policy-making to support the growth of the industry and the creation of improved workflows that incorporate long-term technological development of companies in this field.”
As you can see, the Nature summary paragraph follows the U shape mentioned earlier. This U shape is important not only in the abstract but actually in your whole study! Remember to apply this principle to your thesis. The introduction sets the big picture; the literature review provides more information about your specific research question; the chapters dealing with methodology, analysis and results have the most specific information; then, the discussion takes your results back into a wider context; and finally, the conclusions tie everything up in the general context.
A final important piece of advice, whether you choose to use this structure, is to follow examples in your field of study. Each field has different styles and writing conventions. The best way to write a great abstract is to look for inspiration in other papers in a similar area. Make sure to look in publications accepted in peer-reviewed journals, as these have been validated by experts.
I hope this is useful, please let us know if you already knew these tips and what other tips you can suggest to other students!
Thanks!